Inequalities And Social Justice Issues - 1488 Words

Inequalities and social justice issues abound in life. Some people are rich, some poor. Some are musically gifted, others are tone deaf. Some people with different skin colour. Some have photographic memories; others must work very hard to remember even a small portion of what they read. Some are held hostage by terrorists, others move about freely. Some people are physically attractive to many others, some are not. Some people come from homes in which they have every advantage, while others come from homes characterised by neglect and abuse. Some children are born into families of affluence in wealthy countries like the United States, while other children are born into conditions of starvation in many developing countries and often do not survive to reach adulthood. Some people are genetically predisposed towards good health, while others suffer early attacks of cancer and other disorders despite living cautious lives. How come then and now injustice still triumphs and let justice fall? Well, justices develops fairness, protection, equality and freedom and many other benefits, however it does not turn as a result of the society, as injustice takes over and prevails the society to influence people to think about the wrong things to other people and the environment itself. The quote, â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere†, quoted by Martin Luther King himself, portrays that the fact injustice can be easily spread everywhere and can highly affect theShow MoreRelatedThe Priorities Of The United States Public Policy Making Process949 Words   |  4 Pagesto environmental issues, perhaps our policy makers should address the issues we face daily while living in our communities. The environmental issues extend beyond unhealthy, and risky conditions due to waste management and unsustainable lifestyles. 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John Ogbu s Oppositional Culture Theory - 1325 Words

John Ogbu’s oppositional culture theory explains racial differences in educational performance by looking at the societal structures of minorities. Ogbu uses case studies which he looks at the affluent neighborhoods that represent oppositional culture. There are several explanations as to academic disengagement among certain minorities. He also looks at white academic efforts and explanations of their own disengagement. According to James Ainsworth-Darnell and Douglas Downey, they state that, â€Å"Immigrant minorities tend to compare their condition to that of relatives in their homelands and because this comparison is usually favorable, they develop optimistic attitudes regarding both their chances for success in the new country and the payoff for efforts aimed at promoting achievement† (p. 536). However, involuntary minorities are in a â€Å"psychologically vulnerable position; their members did not migrate with an expectation to improve their condition, but were in corporated into society against their will† (p. 536). Ogbu pointed out that there are high achieving blacks that did not adopt the oppositional theory. They responded using the burden of â€Å"acting white† which suggested that minority students do perform well in school; they take the risk of negative consequences by their same race and peers because of acting white. The â€Å"acting white† plays out in educational settings because minorities interact within a classroom setting receiving good grades and enjoying school. Also,Show MoreRelated Teaching Race Explicitly in the Classroom Essay4727 Words   |  19 Pagesstudents is different from teaching white students. This distinction exists because of the relationship of power between blacks and whites, whites being dominant and blacks being subordinate. The authors agree that educators need to be aware of the ‘culture of power’ in order to meet the needs of black students. According to Villegas, culturally diverse students’ failure in school results from societal conflict that entails a struggle for power (253). As a result of this asymmetrical pow er structure

Risk and Protective Factors for Alcohol-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Risk and protective factors for alcohol use in adolescents. Answer: Introduction Recently there has been increased recognition of the significance of social and emotional health for the wellbeing of the development of the youths (Eldredge et al, 2016). The government of Australia has been on the frontline in providing support for mental health policy and programs. The Australian government has established a program that identifies the promotion and prevention and early intervention for positive mental health (Rowland et al, 2016). Mental health disorders associated with alcohol include stress, suicidal attempts, depression and anxiety (Jones, Fitzpatrick Rogers, 2017). There are varied costs involved with mental disorders like; educational personal, economic, social and occupational. Problematic alcohol use is influenced by several factors: culture, which contains the attitudes and values of a people, societal commitment, placing the wellbeing and health of children first, resources that a country uses to prevent and create awareness of alcohol use (Murphy et al , 2016). It is medically proven that alcohol is a depressant that acts an inhibitor, it reduces anxiety in small does but may lead to death in large doses, and it is a large cause of hospitalization and drug related deaths in Australia (Schmitt et al, 2014). Alcohol use leads to dependence and also causes problems like depression, anxiety and cognitive problems (Murphy et al. 2016) Adolescents and alcohol use It is noted that in Australia adolescence stage is the time when most people indulge in alcohol use (Waller, 2013). Early intervention for children has a great potential is preventing alcohol abuse when they grow older. Intervention of childrens development in the early stages is paramount in ensuring that children do not end up being drunkards when they grow up (Littlefield et al, 2017). Schools provide a learning environment for students and also ways that influence their social wellbeing. Ideally, children at their tender age are exposed to the environment that has many people taking alcohol such as their family members, neighbors, and friend. The basis of all this is the emotional needs that a child undergoes at the adolescent stage and thereby may be easily influenced by the particular group that takes alcohol (Rowland et al, 2016). Although the school environment promotes healthy behaviors for students it is also at some point a breeding ground for negative behaviors as student s may influence each other from what they learn back at home or what they see their parents do. There have been many campaigns to create self-awareness, social awareness, self-management, relationship skills and responsible decision making youths that have alcoholic problems have been noted to be stressed, this can be from social setting, relationship issues or academic issues, this in many cases leads to suicide attempts (Littlefield et al, 2017). Low self-esteem among the youths leads to alcoholic problems, it has been discovered that youths express a feeling of high self-esteem when they are intoxicated, therefore a dependence on alcohol happens since it helps them face the society, peers and life (Hildebrand et al, 2013). Various research have found that most parents introduce children to alcohol in early stage so as to teach them safe drinking habits, this in most cases end up making the youths addicts to alcohol (Scholes-Balog et al, 2014). Risks associated with alcohol. There is increased diversification of alcohol products that are mostly supported by the marketing and advertisements programs with appealing ads that compel the youths to drink alcohol (Jones, Fitzpatrick Rogers, 2017). Practically, adolescents stage is the stage that is characterized by physical and emotional changes, the tolerance in parenting which is evident among the Australian has played a very great role in the drinking habit of the youths below 18 years (Littlefield et al, 2017). It is ideal for both the state and the concerned parties to initiate programs that are primarily aimed at educating the youths on the dangers of taking alcohol at the tender age. This program would be very instrumental in shaping the character of the young people into a better adult (Lam Riba, 2016). Prolonged taking of alcohol among the adolescents may pose a very significant threat to their lives since it affects major organs of their bodies. Similarly, discrimination, race, culture, and poverty may also create a path for this kind of behaviors to take place in Australia. This too goes in contributing to anxiety disorder which is majorly attributed to the personality pattern of an individual youth (Thomas Morris, 2016). The consumption rate of alcohol is at eighty percent in Australia, and this situation contributes to the youths finding themselves in alcoholism as the situation is dominant in the country (Bradshaw Mairs, 2017). There is also the belief among parents that alcohol is not bad therefore most parents take alcohol in front of their children influencing them negatively. There is also laxity on the part of Australian Alcohol Beverages Advertising Code (ABAC) to regulate the usage of drug and alcohol. They have not come up with the clear framework to protect these vulnerable group from taking of liquor and thus allowing them the chance to further continue with the habit (Bartel, Gradisar, Williamson, 2015). The results from the analysis proof that the kind of ne ighborhood the youths live in and the culture surrounding them have tremendously affected how most of them use alcohol (Taliaferro Muehlenkamp, 2014). Morbidity and mortality rate In Australia, alcohol has been used so much and therefore it is seen as the second cause of death and other health and mental complications (Bartel, Gradisar, Williamson, 2015). Excessive use of alcohol has led to numerous cases of loss of lives, injuries and acute effects, like depression that the authorities do overlook but they are a concern to the causes of deaths in the country. Solution to alcoholism among the adolescents Lyssenko et al. (2016) asserts that it high time for the parents and other concerned parties to have a concerted effort in dealing with this issue among the youths to have a responsible future generation. The parents ought to be the good role model to their children for them to learn being emulated their good trait. Parents are not expected to encourage their children in taking of alcohol as this puts them at a very significant risk of experimenting on the same at an early age and thus resulting in addiction. The worst case is taking of hard, drugs which are very detrimental to their health condition and being the causative of high morbidity rate (Jones, Fitzpatrick, Rogers, 2017). The government should come up with some restrictions to govern on the alcohol advertisements, which encourages the youth to indulge in taking of it through numerous appealing advertisements. It is the prudent for the state to use the available resources at its disposal to promote healthy living of the you ths (Lyssenko et al. 2017). Additionally, it would be prudent for the parents to teach them about the effects of alcohol as they would get the precise information about its detrimental effects to avoid it at such age. Education is essential for the teenagers, this calls for concerted effort from even the non-governmental agencies in the bid of controlling the use of alcoholism among this teenage group. This group needs to be talked to on a regular basis to encourage them to completely abstain from using liquor due to the far reaching implications it may have in their life. Some of the tactical skills that may be very helpful to the youths like teaching them to be assertive in case one wants to persuade them to take alcohol (Modecki, Barber, Eccles, 2014). A supportive home is likely to deal with this situation in an excellent way as compared to those parents who are not supportive when it comes to matters (Schmitt et al, 2014). Parents should start by recognizing their roles in upbringing of their children and therefore be more vigilant in what their children do, in their absence and they are around. Programs that address alcohol use and abuse Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) FASD is a program that is primarily is aimed at reducing the level of taking of alcohol among the expectant women (Bartel, Gradisar Williamson, 2015). The program has further diversified its activities and thus handling the youths in the bid of educating them on the dangers posed by alcohols to one s life (Daley, 2016). This program has yielded a lot of positive results for the country in combating alcoholic problems. Danny Greens Coward Punch Campaign According to this program, the government has increased its effort in creating awareness to the public and most importantly to the youths on the dangers caused by alcohol. The program brings the audience to understanding that the cause of violence in most homes is alcohol since it has occurred that to some level, that women are battered by their husbands due to alcoholism and thus breaking families (Scholes-Balog et al, 2014). Therefore, this program is intended to encourage one to drinking responsibly and for those who have not started drinking ought to abstain from it due to the far reaching effects that have been enumerated. Good Sports Program The government of Australia has funded the sporting program to encourage more youths to take part in it (Lyssenko et al, 2016), and thus avoid the incidences of indulging in taking of drugs or alcohol. The youths should be physically active through sporting activities so that they do not have idle minds to provoke thoughts of consuming alcohol. The role of nurses in combating alcohol problems. The Australian nursing federation (ANF) has come up with the following issues to help combat the impact of alcohol and other drug use: the role of specialist registered nurses should be promoted in the field of alcohol and substance abuse, the role of providing consultation and support for other clinicians should be introduced and funded so as to care for the patients and their families well, provision of scholarships for the nursing students to further their studies in higher medicine fields, registered nurses practicing general service to people who require care due to drug abuse should be allocated Medicare benefits schedule, and harm minimization project should be funded to ensure fair distribution of health professionals among the patients with drug abuse problems (Linsley, Kane, Owen, 2011). Nurses should be provided with financial support to help them carry out their extension services to all patients, there should be clear guidelines and policy statements and should be put i n place for the nurses taking care of the people with alcoholic problems. The Ottawa charter for health promotion (WHO 1986) (Linsley, Kane, Owen, 2011) has been the guiding steps for the development of the concept of health promotion and shaping public health practice. For many Australians alcohol drinking is an everyday activity (Lang, Stengrd, Wynne, 2016). The long term and short term consequences of high alcohol consumption include negative physical, emotional and social consequences (Eldredge et al, 2014). Healthcare is important in alcoholic patients, nurses have a great role in fostering collaboration between the health sector, police, education, adolescents and parents. Workplace area Nurses are high level thinkers with exceptional skills and considerable ability to coordinate, negotiate, communicate, and collaborate in order to deliver care (Lam Riba, 2016). Nurses are qualified health practitioners who are skilled in the assessment planning and individual healthcare. Nurses need to emphasize on the importance of a healthy public policy to the people so that the people will understand the importance of nurses in the society. The workplace should be conducive to the nurses and also to the patients, the patients should be secure in the areas where they are being cared for. Nurses should ensure minimal noise and interruptions for the patients to focus on the healing process. The work area should be fitted with the necessary equipments that do not provoke the patients minds into wanting to drink again or make them feel useless and trigger suicide. Nurses need to maintain a workplace that is both welcoming and accommodative to the patients. Physical care Nurses have a one to one connection with the alcoholic patients, they are able to know the causes of alcohol abuse and to what extent to which the patient is affected by the drugs. Nurses should involve the families of those suffering from alcoholic problems in the recovery journey, its not an easy journey therefore the nurses should assure the patients of their availability any time they need them. The whole society should be involved in ensuring the patients feel welcomed and not judged for their misconducts (Taliaferro Muehlenkamp, 2014). This will encourage faster healing and self-acceptance of the victims and a new beginning to their journey towards transformation. Mental health counselling Alcoholic patients have a high risk of developing mental disorders like depression and suicidal attempts. The nurses provide the needed counseling or refer the patients to specialist to seek help can both help them overcome their disorders. Nurses know that withdraw symptoms causes pain to the patients and therefore the patients need all the emotional and physical support available. It is the duty of the nurse to make the patient feel that there is life without alcohol. The nurses use the counselings sessions to offer patients choices about how to make changes, help the patient have confidence in their ability to change the drinking behavior, help the patient understand its their responsibility to change the drinking behavior. Patient education The nurses should take the patient through the process of effects of alcohol to the body. The patients should be educated by health care professions on how the alcohol damages the liver, kidneys and other vital organs of the body like the heart. They should also be educated on the effects of alcohol, for example physiological tremor. Usually nurses need to exercise patience as the patients can sometimes tend to be negative. It is also the work of nurses to involve family members in the clinical sessions of a recovering alcoholic addict, this helps the family members understand better what the patient is going through and therefore offer their support to help in the healing process. It is also the duty of the nurses to ensure that they motivate those youths to live an upright life away from distractors such as liquor and the rest to realize their goals in life. There are some of the issues that do disturb the youths making them behave the way they are behave. Nurses therefore have a role in ensuring that they give this adolescents a listening ear for them to confide some of the challenges they are undergoing for the best actions to be taken (Lang, Stengrd, Wynne, 2016). The youth may be well assisted during the process of undergoing treatment and medication for proper recovery of their health. This is the period the nurse may use the opportunity to bring the youths closer to them and thereby able to understand their social needs. Nurses in health promotion should participate in research conducts of alcohol and substance abuse, this is because nurses have firsthand information of patients with alcohol problems therefore their input in evaluating preventing measu res for such patients is paramount. To ensure continuous improvement of the misuse of alcohol and other drug abuses the nurses should advocate their services fully to these patients, provide an environment that helps the patients change their alcoholic problems and mediate between the alcoholic patients, their families and the society at large. The nurses association of Australia should therefore improve on the existing health public policy, involve the community in promoting health, provide a supportive environment to the patients and re-orient health services and develop personal skills to help them teach the patients how to manage their problems and also come up with ways of staying healthy for the patients (Linsley, Kane Owen 2011). Conclusion Alcohol usage leads to mental health illness and also deaths in extreme cases. It is the duty of every Australian to take up the challenge of creating awareness in dealing with alcoholism among the youths to help save the young generation. Nurses should be in the vigilant in providing education not only to the victims of alcohol abuse but to the whole community so as to prevent future problems from recurring. The government should adequately fund programs meant to curb alcohol usage and create awareness across the country. The government should also establish strict rules and regulations on alcohol industries to help protect the youth people from early exposure to alcohol. There should be focus on where the behavior of the youths is shaped, that is the family structure. Parents need to realize that their roles in upbringing run deep than just providing education, food and shelter for the children. It is the duty of the whole society to safe keep and uphold the wellbeing of each other References Bartel, K. A., Gradisar, M., Williamson, P. (2015). Protective and risk factors for adolescent sleep: a meta-analytic review.Sleep medicine reviews,21, 72-85. Bradshaw, T., Mairs, H. (2017).Health promotion wellbeing in people with mental health problems. Daley, K. (2016). Introduction. InYouth and Substance Abuse(pp. 1-44). Springer International Publishing. Eldredge, L. K. B., Markham, C. M., Ruiter, R. A., Kok, G., Parcel, G. S. (2016).Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. John Wiley Sons. Hildebrand, J., Maycock, B., Howat, P., Burns, S., Allsop, S., Dhaliwal, S., Lobo, R. (2013). Investigation of alcohol-related social norms among youth aged 1417 years in Perth, Western Australia: protocol for a respondent-driven sampling study.BMJ Open,3(10), e003870. Jones, J. S., Fitzpatrick, J. J., Rogers, V. L. (2017).Psychiatric-mental health nursing: An interpersonal approach. Lam, L. C. W., Riba, M. B. (2016).Physical exercise interventions for mental health. Lang, G., Stengrd, E., Wynne, R. (2016). Developing a scale measuring perceived knowledge and skills dimensions for mental health promotion: a pilot test using a convenience sample.The Journal of Mental Health Training, Education, and Practice,11(1), 10-22. Littlefield, L., Cavanagh, S., Knapp, R., OGrady, L. (2017). KidsMatter: Building the capacity of Australian primary schools and early childhood services to foster childrens social and emotional skills and promote childrens mental health. InSocial and Emotional Learning in Australia and the Asia-Pacific(pp. 293-311). Springer Singapore. Linsley,P., Kane,R., Owen,S. (2011). Nursing for public health: Promotion, principles, and practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lyssenko, L., Mller, G., Kleindienst, N., Schmahl, C., Berger, M., Eifert, G., Bohus, M. (2016). The effectiveness of a Mindfulness-Based Mental Health Promotion Program Provided by Health Coaches: A Controlled Multisite Field Trial.Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics,85(6), 375-377. Modecki, K. L., Barber, B. L., Eccles, J. S. (2014). Binge drinking trajectories across adolescence: For early maturing youth, extra-curricular activities are protective.Journal of Adolescent Health,54(1), 61-66. Murphy, J., Pavkovic, M., Sawula, E., Vandervoort, S., Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion, (2016).Identifying areas of focus for mental health promotion in children and youth: For Ontario Public Health: a locally-driven collaborative project, 2014-2015. Murray, M. C., Re, C. A. (2017).Revival: Promotion of Mental Health (2001): Volume 7, 2000. Rowland, B., Evans-Whipp, T., Hemphill, S., Leung, R., Livingston, M., Toumbourou, J. W. (2016). The density of alcohol outlets and adolescent alcohol consumption: An Australian longitudinal analysis.Health Place,37, 43-49. Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Postmes, T., Garcia, A. (2014). The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: A meta-analytic review.Psychological Bulletin,140(4), 921. Scholes-Balog, K. E., Hemphill, S. A., Dowling, N. A., Toumbourou, J. W. (2014). A prospective study of adolescent risk and protective factors for problem gambling among young adults.Journal of Adolescence,37(2), 215-224. Taliaferro, L. A., Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2014). Risk and protective factors that distinguish adolescents who attempt suicide from those who only consider suicide in the past year.Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior,44(1), 6-22. Thomas, P., Morris, D. (2016). Integrating primary mental health care and mental health promotion. Waller, R. J. (2013).Mental health promotion in schools: Foundations. Oak Park, Ill: Bentham Science Publishers.